21 Eylül 2011 Çarşamba
I Do, Me Done: Mead's Theory of Self
The structure of “me” and “I” internalizing it is not I something that we have not heard before, in Durkheim’s understanding, there are social facts in all societies –norms, social structures, values– completes the harmony in the society and individuals born into these social facts, then they start to internalize these facts (especially nonmaterial ones) to become social actors.
Besides being the science of social facts, sociology is, in micro level, the science of bodies. By bodies, I mean, not the physical one but, rather the one that as in the use of “somebody, anybody or nobody”, so that; even at the smallest level what these bodies are doing, as Mead illustrated by the example of gestures, is a matter of complex and meaningful set of stories, memories, practices and so on. Therefore, they are only open to be studied in terms of these elements, further these elements must, socially, be responded by the other actors in the community. However, the both theorists lead me to ask “then what does the self-interest and the actions driven by it is standing for, if ‘me’ is that much subject?” The answer that I have is clear; the self-interest is not conceptualized here not as, the feeling that leads to selfishness, but in a greater correspondence with the responsibilities and promises of the individual’s interaction, so that is the “me” concept in Mead’s thought. This article was good for me to analyze the bigger pictures in modern societies by looking at small parts.
Self, Dilemma and Mirror Maze: Cooley's Looking-Glass Self
If there is a high concern about the appearance of the “self” in the other’s self, then all kinds of possessions of the individual are subject to be presented in the relations. But, Karl Marx explained that as commodity fetishism; our interactions with others are expressed by an objectified relationship between the values of commodities through gaining independent power on the people, drawing from this, an individual becomes not who s/he was but what s/he possesses.
It appears to me that, the people are always tending to develop their relationships in a certain way and they act accordingly; therefore there is a kind of “demand” in this process. So, if I do have the image of a thief in the others’ mind because of my look and attitudes which are natural to me, so that I do not perceive negative feeling about that, won’t I still try to change this image in order to show the truth to the others? But, it seemed to me that, according to looking-glass theory an individual do acts according to the image and judgment of the others’ mind. Yet, I don’t think that is the way how many significant figures were acting; if it was so, then today we would still be living in the age of darkness, just because the others’ thought what they’ve done was not appropriate.
Yet, All Dictators Wanted “the Best” for their People: On the Civilization and Its Discontents
Freud’s explanation of the conflict between individuals and die Kultur is so similar to Hobbes’ idea of “state of nature” and “rule of law” in the theory of social contract. In state of nature, the humans have complete freedom over their actions, but as a result of this freedom, it is impossibility of existence of any rights. Therefore, the people are not secured from the dangers of their own kind, so they do not live as a society, but rather they have to survive on their own. Being alone in the nature also makes them insecure against the nature, also gives no way to develop their lives. The social contract is the thing that makes them secure and developed in the world, but this can only be done if the individuals give up their complete freedom.
Apparently, both authors are saying that; the humans are evil from their nature and it should be regulated for the sake of society and they explain the way of it by referring to some “human-made” institutions or disciplines. However, this seems to me deficient and dissatisfied because, if the disciplines and institutions are made by the humans i.e. created by individuals who have evil wills in their nature, then how it is possible to construct a well-just system in which the individuals are living together? There is no doubt that, the world accepts no mistake today and, it punishes mercilessly the ones who makes “mistakes” e.g. Jews in holocaust, September 6-7 in Turkey, Muslims in Israel/Palestine etc. Therefore, neither die Kultur nor any social contract are sufficient to eliminate the evil oceanic desires of the humankind, but one can only “acts like” they have regulated. I am not saying here, everyone should be in the state of nature to maintain their freedom; I am rather, asking the question that, “why do we have to follow ‘certain ways’ to live in a society?”. I have a problem with these ‘certain ways’ because their primary goal spoils after “certain extent” and harms many others per se.
Far to Touch, Near to See: "Stranger" in Georg Simmel
Max Weber was referring to term verstehen as a method of sociology to understand the meanings and symbols in a society. This kind of understanding can be done by hiding “the self” in the group to be objective, but at the same time, by counting “the self” as a member of the group (empathy) to interpret the symbols, values and meanings of the actions. Unlike, i-am-a-camera kind of surveying technique, verstehen can tell the differences between two same actions which were happened by two different causes such as, coughing because of illness and coughing because you want to warn someone near to you. One can only tell the difference between them, when s/he uses a group person’s point of view. I think Simmel’s stranger, in this sense, is human form of Weber’s verstehen.
Besides from what I’ve explained above about the stranger, Simmel showed me an interesting clue that is helpful to “verstehen” the “founding fathers” of nations. They were truly strangers who, at least, tried to establish and develop nation for a group of people and the kind of travel that they were doing can be described as “having the roots in the group and growing the branches to the outside of the group”. It is true that they were not belonging to the group from the beginning, but they have overcome this problem thanks to this kind of travel. In Turkey for instance, Ataturk greatly fits to this pattern even though I still consider him as a dictator. He was not born in the borders of today’s Turkey, but he understood and interpreted the meaning of Turkey, in addition his west based “modernization” attempts indicates the direction to which he was travelling and the time as well. If we look at Turkey today, the population of strangers has extended the ethnic minority groups like Kurds and Romans, religious groups like Nurcus, people in academics, immigrants, bureaucrats, managers and directors have been involved into the population. I can confidently say that, the ones who criticized the stranger theory because of the impossibility of such persons, here we see nearest examples of them which are actually far from their “in-groups”.
Components of the Public and Memories of the City: A Case Study on Bayburt Clock Tower
Components of the Public and
Memories of the City: A Case Study on Bayburt Clock Tower
Salih Narman, BA
Fatih University
Istanbul, Turkey
The academic sources are various with the relationship between, on one hand, urban planning of public sphere and the people’s apprehension in those spheres and, on the other hand, further political discussions taking off from this topic. We know the public sphere from two different perspectives; first, as it is frequently described as places where powerful signs and discourses exists (Verdery 2000; Foucault 1995) and as a place where the public opinion is shaped (Habermas 1991). Therefore, with the new life–style, in which the masses live interdependently and heterogeniously in a homogenious unit; that is called city (Wirth 1991) requires some sort of competition based royalties and co–operations among the individuals, as well as between an individual and his/her environment. In many ways, this way of living is interrelated to the larger scopes of politics; for instance “Alexis de Tocqueville’s Democracy in America (2003) links the regimes to the existence possibility of civic organizations”. Then, what we see in the bottom of the societies (their stories, places of living, things that they see and so on) affects the top (the state, policies, institutions etc.).
Therefore, one might call modernity as a product of the society’s natural development which brought economically capitalism and politically nation–states, however, that would be an overgeneralization, especially for those societies of which the social engineering applied for very long periods. We have been seeing this case in Turkey, as well as many others, even before its foundation as Turkish Republic. This “foundation”, there, has a special meaning than just establishing; there is a whole process of de–organization and re–organization of the “things” –our interest here is particularly on the environment– in order to create a nation.
In this paper I do not want to talk about the de–organizations –which are the composed of bloody conflicts–, rather I will focus on the re–organization of lives in a specific area with the impact of “powerful signs”. Namely, the re–organization of the public sphere and relations among the people with the impact of the clock tower, built in early years of Turkish Republic, in Bayburt. I argue that, anything that is done about, for, on, with, by the clock tower in Bayburt has a deeper connection with the creation of new Bayburt citizens who are the members of their nations.
Some might ask what is so special about the poorest and least populated city in Turkey[1] and its tiny old looking clock tower. As a person whose grandparents migrated from Dagestan to Bayburt, I have visited for couple of times my “hometown”[2], the last visit was greatly efficient, in terms of taking pictures and listening some local stories and myths about the pre–World War I period[3], from the words of aged men whom I met mostly in the villages. After my arrival to Istanbul, I had many pictures taken in various sides of the city and few belongs to watch tower, when I was looking at these pictures, I realized something very interesting with this tower. Its shape, function, definition, location, situation, and condition was manifesting far beyond its real being. Therefore, I decided to do select this case study as another step on my journey to cities, meanings and memories.
If the monuments are polyvalent that is to say; if there is polysemy (openness), ambiguity and multivocality in their voiceless existence (Verdery 2000). Then, the individuals have an authority[4] to voice them according to their tacit communications and derive meanings which are particularly model for “the outsiders” or “strangers”. But these, are also modal for the ideal presented to the locals (Anderson 1991). Therefore, these are both strategies and tactics (Certeau 1988), in terms of who use it, in a multi–directional way; the monuments built by the hands of public institutions are located in the public sphere not only for the good view, also on a plan.
From one view, the public sphere is a component of collective consumption (Castells 1983) and power relations (Harvey 2009) and on the other, a battle ground for ongoing struggle between the authorities –by discourses– and, individuals –by resistance–. In Weberian modernization perspective (1946) in a place where people used adjust themselves with sun, clocks can be possibly seen as the products of modernity and, clock towers as the manifestations of this modernity for all. Now let us see how those are connected to the clock tower in Bayburt.
In my explanatory work, I will use interview[5] and content analysis methods to examine how these theories come into scene in a clock tower, because of having proper material.
According to the interviews that I have done with the locals in Bayburt, until the forced departure in 1914, Bayburt was a place where Armenians and Turks lived together. After this period, many “anti–modern” incidents occurred; especially the one by Sheikh Eşref in Hart Village[6] during Turkish independence war took a lot of attention of the newly established government which is later on, constituted Turkish Republic. After the foundation of new government, there was a re–population of the area was needed due to the forced departure of Armenians; therefore a lot of families from Trabzon, Rize, Erzurum and those who migrated from the Caucasus were sent here. In 1924, by the command of Ataturk a clock tower started to build at the center of the city (which is not so big) and on 29 October –the Republican Day– the tower was opened with a ceremony.
This tower is one of the things that you can immediately see in the city, due to city’s under–development, and from the city the tower is seen even before Bayburt Castle, which belongs to pre–Islamic era.
Bayburt Clock Tower
This clock tower, as it is seen from the picture, is shaped as minaret and functioning as a clock, also it is opened on Republic Day. This tells us three things about the interaction between the monument and people.
First, since the distinction in terms of identity was done according to the religion at that time, the image of “Turkishness” or “Muslim” is represented by its shape. By this way, the Armenians’ existence in the past was silenced; it is also showed that, to whom these lands were ‘really’ belonging to.
Secondly, clock took the city itself from the cosmic time to modern time, limited the image of ‘us’ in the minds of the people. While the people use to be getting up with the sun or Morning Prayer, they had all the Muslims in their minds, but now the state was telling to its people that according to what their lives are going to be adjusted and of who they will think of.
Thirdly, the clock itself is a symbol and a representation of improvement (modernity), as I mentioned above. And if the Turkish Republic itself is a modernization project (Mardin 1991) then tower’s opening on Republic Day gives the message that Turkish Republic will improve (and modernize) the city much greater than Ottoman Empire.
To sum up, we have seen how the urban places and monuments can hold, in fact does, capacity to change the public opinion. Besides, as Verdery says for the dead bodies:
…They help us to see political transformation as something more than a technical process…“something more” includes meanings, feelings the sacred, ideas of morality, the non-rational –all ingredients of “legitimacy” or “regime consolidation”…yet far broader than what analyses employing those terms usually provide. (2000: 25)
The public sphere can provide these “things” in their perception, furthermore they promise for the future of the community, which actually does not necessarily come even for years. For the future research on such topics I suggest to look at the other means of re–creation or re–organization of the urban through which a whole body of politics occurs with the scenes from “memories”.
References
Anderson, Benedict. 1991. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
Castells, Manuel. 1984. The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-Cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Certeau, Michel de. 1988. “Making do: Uses and Tactics” in The Practices of Everyday Life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Foucault, Michel. 1995. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage Books.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1991. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Harvey, David. 2009. Social Justice and the City. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press.
Mardin, Şerif. 1991. Türk Modernleşmesi. Istanbul, Turkey: İletişim.
Max, H.H. Gerth, C. Wright Mills. 1946. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tocqueville, Alexis de. [1831] 2003. Democracy in America. Issac Kramnick, ed. Gerald Bevan, trans. New York: Penguin.
Verdery, Katherine. 2000. The Political Lives of Dead Bodies. New York: Columbia University Press.
Wirth, Louis. 1957. “Urbanism as a Way of Life” Pp. 46-63 in Paul K. Hatt and Albert J. Reiss Jr., ed. Cities and Society. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.
[1] According to Turkish Statistics Institution 2011. See http://www.tuik.gov.tr/
[2] Since the early beginning of my life, me and my family move from one city to another, therefore it is so hard to call Bayburt as my hometown.
[3] The stories were mostly about the Russians who visited Bayburt after 1888-89 Ottoman–Russian war and some other were about Armenian–Turkish conflict.
[4] The meaning here is the power of creation, capability of originating.
[5] The stories told by the locals in my last visit.
[6] A religious leader who struck to the military forces during the Turkish independence war because of one sergeant’s “inappropriate” attitudes and actions. See: http://ahmetturanalkan.net/yazi/hart-vakasi-nedir-seyh-esref-kimdir/
20 Eylül 2011 Salı
LGBT Web Sitelerinin Kapatılması Üzerine
Konuya, söz konusu LGBT derneklerinden ikisinin isimlerinin ERK tarafından nasıl çağırışımlar yaptıklarını tahayyül ederek başlamak istiyorum, ilk olarak, Pembehayat. Sosyalleşme evremizle ilgili oynadığı rolde sıkca verilen klişe örneklerden biridir renkler; "kızlar pembe, erkekler mavi renklerle büyürler" şeklinde. Pembe duygusallığı, çocuksuluğu, romantizmi, yumuşaklığı, tatlı şeyleri çağırıştırır, yani kadına erkekler tarafından nasıl algılanıyorsa bu renk de aynen öyle algılanır. Peki pembe renk nerelerde sıkca görülür? Tespit ettiğim iki yer Çiçekler ve de evler (özellikle yatak odalarında), yine kadına atfettiğimiz mekanlar veya metaforlarda. Aklıma başka örneğin gelmemesinin nedeni acaba bu rengin hayatımızda nadir, silik, belki önemsiz gibi görülmesinden midir, emin olamadım. Peki ya mavi renk neyi çağırıştırır, nerelerde bulunur? Üç örnek hemen akla gelir mavi deyince; Gökyüzü, Okyanuslar (yada denizler) ve Su. Yani Özgürlük, sonsuzluk ve muhtaçlık! Mavi renk hem gökyüzünde hem yeryüzünde hem de yaşamda dominant bir biçimde bulunur. Ek olarak, sayısız ülkenin bayrağında "gururla" yer almış, ulusal rengi olmuş, "tanrı'nın bir başka sembolü" gibi kodlanmıştır, hatta mavinin bir türevi olan turkuaz, milli meselemiz haline gelmiştir. İşte bu yüzden içinde pembe geçen herşey sistematik ve planlı olarak çeşitli güçler tarafından -yanlızca devlet değil, medya, toplum, aile v.b. kaynaklardan da- saldırılır. Örnek verecek olursak çocukluğumuzun sevilen çizgi dizisi pembe panter. Salaktır, saftır, yanlıştır, ilginçtir, zaten gerçek hayatta yoktur. Panter olmasından çok pembedir o, sürekli başı belada, sürekli "yanlış" yerde "yanlış" zamanda ve "yanlış" şekildedir. Şaşırtıcı olan bir başka mevzu ise, pembe panterin çizgi dizide kiminle sürekli olarak kovalamaca oynadığı, mavi üniformalı, bıyıklı, elinde sürekli jop ile gezen Komiser Clouseau. Çizgi filmin tüm bölümlerinde kovalamacayı pembe panterimiz kazansa da, gerçek hayatta kazanan her zaman için Komiser Clouseau'dur, ve bunu herkes bilir. Çünkü o mavi giyinir, bıyıklıdır, agresiftir ve mesleğinden dolayı devleti temsil eder. Birkaç cümlede toparlayacak olursak: Pembe olan birşey, her ne olursa olsun pasif, silik, ezik, gözden uzak tutulmalı ve kovalanmalıdır. İşte devlet pembehayat derneğinin isminde, anlamında, var olmasında hayattan çok pembeyi görür, değim yerindeyse ikinci kısmı tamamen yoksayılmıştır. Ya da ikinci şık, hayatı pembe yaşamak isteyen "mavi olması gerekenleri" öyle bir disipline etmek istemiştir ki, onların sanal ortamda bile varlığını engellemiştir.
Gelelim ikinci derneğimizin ismine: Kaos GL. Düzen, disiplin, tertip, "normallik", "kurumsallık" ve gücü sürekli elinde barındırma isteği uğruna meşru biçimde insanları kodesleyebilen, kayıt dışı tutabilen, ve daha da ileri giderek öldürebilen hiç birini yapmasa dahi "yapabilme hürriyetini" elinde bulunduran devletin söz konusu sivil toplum örgütünün kaos isminden o kadar tüyleri ürpermiş olacak ki, dün internette okuduğum bir habere göre(1) resmi web sitesini sadece kapatmakla kalmamış, Parelmento'da milletvekilleri tarafından bile (ilginçtir ki Parlement mavisi diye de bir renk var) erişim ancak filtreleme yoluyla mümkün oluyor. Haberin devamında vekillerin siteye erişmesi için öncelikli olarak "doldurulması zorunlu" alanları doldurması gerekiyor. Kısaca devlet ne milletine ne de onların seçilmiş vekillerine güvenmekte.
Peki her fırsatta "milli irade, ileri demokrasi, özgürlük" söylemleriyle öne çıkan yürütme organımız acaba bunları göreceli olarak mı yapıyor? Tıpkı geçmiş hükümetlerin yaptığı gibi. Daha da ironiği, seçimler zamanı şuanda yürütmeyi elinde bulunduran AKP transseksüel bir kardeşimizi vekil aday adaylığına kabul etmemişmiydi (sembolik olarak). Hatta homoseksüeliteyi "bir hastalık" olarak nitelendiren Kadın ve Aile bakanı Kavaf'ı yeni hükümette safdışı bırakmamışmıydı? Daha da ileri gidip bu bakanlığın ismini Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı olarak değiştirmemişmiydi?
Merak etmeden duramıyorum bu meşhur ileri demokrasi kimin için var, sosyal politikalar kimin için çıkıyor, sosyal polikita kavramı nasıl algılanıyor, bunlar nasıl işliyor, bir bakanlık tarafından devlet güvencesinde olan ailede nasıl oluyor da günde 3 kadın ölüyor, aynı şekilde "sosyal"den kasıt olan toplumda her geçen gün bir LGBT vatandaşımız, kardeşimiz ölüyor, tüm televizyon kanallarında niçin progresif olarak politik haberler yayınlanıyor yada bunlar bunlar benim kurguladığım paranoyanın içindeki senaryolar mı? Eğer öyleyse, sorun olmaması lazım. Ama değilse, artık başkalaştırılmış olan herkesin kamu alanında kamu oyu oluşturmak için düzenlediği gösteri ve yürüşlerde vahşice joplanması, dergilerinin nerdeyse hiç alınmaması, broşürlerinin yırtıp atılması, tek olarak yakalandığında fiziki ve sözlü stigmatize edilmeye mağruz kalmasına karşın tepki olarak daha güçlü -Certeau'nun deyimiyle- taktikler kullanması gerekiyor.
Benim önerim "öteki" olan tüm sivil topluml kurumlarının kendi varlığından özerk olarak homojen bir yapı içerisinde heterojen olarak örgütlenip radikalleşerek hiçkimseyi gerekli iş bölümü ve bunların koordinesi sonrası hiçkimseyi incitmeden,şiddet kullanmadan, hor görmeden, başkalaştırmadan çalışmalar yapmaktır/yapmamızdır. Bu görüşüm faşist birleşim olarak -İtalyan fascio sembolündeki gibi (2)- algılanmamalıdır. Çünkü "öteki"lerin birleşip benliklerini kaybetmesini savunmuyorum, bu birleşimin yeni bir platformda işbirliği içerisinde yeni bir örgüt kurup haklarını savunmasını, bu yolla herhangi bir örgütün sıkıntısı için diğer tüm örgütlerin harekete geçmesini yapısallaştırmak ve daha da nitelikli kılmayı öneriyorum. Bu bir gazete olabileceği gibi, bir haber kanalı da olabilir. Bakalım toplum neyi takdir edecek...
P.S:
1. Yazıda belirttiğim haber (http://www.medyafaresi.com/haber/68205/guncel-tbmm-yonetimi-escinsel-dernekleri-kaos-gl-ve-lambdaistanbulun-resmi-web-sitelerine-erisimi-engelledi.html) sitesinden 20.09.2011'de saat 11'de ulaşılmıştır.
2. Sembol'ün göresli için (http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_7lfEpMQvX-0/TAf_623cVZI/AAAAAAAAkh4/BJ8XFB4Y-z8/s400/fascio.jpg) adresine bakabilirsiniz.
19 Eylül 2011 Pazartesi
Şimdi yaşadığım orta sınıf mahallenin, lüks sayılabilecek 2+1'ininin 1'inde eğer uyku tutmamışsa, bunun sebebi karmakarışık duygular da olabilir, benim maymun iştahına son zamanlarda fazla alışmam da. Aslında ben de pek farkında değilim olan bitenin şu son 5 aydır. Neydi, ne oldu, nasıl başladı, nasıl devam ediyor ve sonu nasıl olacak soruları kafamda yer yer gelse de giderek büyüyen boşvermişlik kapatıyor bunları o zamanlarda. Belki değişiklik iyi de gelebilir ama bilmiyorum.
Hani bazen "ya kardeşim koy ver gitsin, başarılı olup da ne olacak" diyor ya insan; işte o anlarda içini öyle bir kaplıyor ki karamsarlık, sanki umutlar bir an sönü veriyor ve korkuların sana çeşitli şekillerde gözüküyor. Ben de bu moddayım biraz.
Herşey anne-babamdan ayrı bir eve çıkıyım isteğiyle başladı, ilk başta kontrol edebildiğim şeyler artık kontrolden çıktı ve iyice sıkıntı haline geldi. Bunların arasında hazıra konma, rahat yaşam, tembellik gibi sıkıntılar da var. Çünkü yaşadığım şu saçma sapan hayat tarzı artık çok monoton geliyor.
Hiçbir zaman çok sosyal olmadım, hiç aşırı atılganlıklardan hoşlanmadım, hiç beni eleştireni sevmedim çünkü. Övün istedim beni, aaa ne güzel şeyler yapıyosun diyin istedim de ondan... Malum çok deneyim çok yanlış da getirebilir, çok doğru da. Ben babam gibi risk almaktan pek hoşlanmadım.
Ve şimdi planlarım ve şimdi programlarımı tekrardan başlatıyorum, artık hiçbirşey yapmamaya son veriyorum, birşeyler yapmaya başlıyorum. Eğer kısmetse master'ımı Boğaziçi Üniversitesinde yapıp hayatımın aşkı ile evlenicem önümüzdeki yıl içinde. Hadi hayırlısı.
